Starlink / Starshield (SpaceX)
Broadband satellite link that lets small drones, sea drones and ground stations operate beyond the radio horizon
Starlink is a constellation of more than 11,000 satellites in low orbit, with a flat terminal of 1.1 to ± 2.9 kg that provides low-latency broadband anywhere. Since 2022 it has let small sea and attack drones fly beyond the horizon, on both sides of the war in Ukraine. The operator decides who may use the network: in February 2026 Russian terminals were cut off, and in October 2026 a speed limit hampered Ukrainian interceptor drones. Starshield is the government version for military and intelligence tasks; most of its details are not public.
Learn more in the Drone Academy →Dimensionsfor imagery analysis
- Mini terminal
- 298.5 × 259 × 38.5 mm · 1.10 kg
- Standard terminal
- 594 × 383 × 38 mm · ± 2.9 kg
- Source of dimensions
- Starlink (Mini); distributors (Standard)
Key data
- Type
- Satellite datalink (BLOS) in low Earth orbit (LEO) — not a drone or a weapon, but an enabler
- Constellation
- ± 11,100 satellites in orbit (Oct. 2026); shells around 550 km, inclination 43–97° (most at 53°), orbital period ± 95 min
- Between satellites
- Optical laser links
- Latency
- SpaceX goal: 20 ms median; measured median ± 30–50 ms (geostationary: more than 500 ms)
Link
- User link
- Ku band: downlink 10.7–12.7 GHz, uplink 14.0–14.5 GHz (FCC)
- Gateways
- Ka band 17.8–19.3 / 27.5–30 GHz; newer ones also E band 71–76 / 81–86 GHz
- Antenna
- Phased array, tracks the satellites electronically; 110° field of view
- Terminal power
- Mini 25–40 W average (IP67); Standard 75–100 W
Use in the war
- Ukraine
- From Feb. 2022 for command posts and communications; sea drones with Starlink near Sevastopol (Sep.–Oct. 2022); in Oct. 2026 also control of an evacuation drone (see Heavy Shot Ayudag-6)
- Russia
- Terminals through intermediaries (including Dubai), on attack drones since 2024; Ukrainian sources reported a downed Geran-2 with Starlink in Sep. 2024
- Restriction by SpaceX
- Use for offensive drones restricted in early 2023
Access control
- Whitelist (Feb. 2026)
- Mandatory registration in Ukraine; unregistered terminals cut off, after which Russian units lost their Starlink links
- Speed limit (Oct. 2026)
- From 14 Oct. Ukrainian terminals reportedly stop working above ± 160 km/h; according to Zelenskyy (17 Oct.) the link drops ± 2 min after reaching 161 km/h, preventing interception of jet Shaheds
- Who says what
- Musk: Starshield is owned by the US government, which sets the limits; Rubio: the US did not order it, restriction lifted; Ukrainian MoD: SpaceX imposed it unilaterally — not independently confirmed
Starshield
- What
- Government version (announced Dec. 2022): the same technology with extra security and dedicated satellites for military and intelligence tasks
- Programmes
- Space Force services contract (Sep. 2023, 54 mission partners); NRO Proliferated Architecture from NROL-146 (22 May 2024, with Northrop Grumman, $1.8 bn); MILNET (± 480 satellites, 2025); Space Data Network Backbone ($2.29 bn, May 2026)
- Unknown (open source)
- Number of satellites per programme, performance, encryption and anti-jam, terminal types and partner conditions; most spending is classified
Countermeasures
- Jamming
- Possible locally: according to Ukrainian sources the Russian Peresvet-M denies Starlink around a site (± 20 km²); large-scale jamming is difficult because of phased arrays and changing satellites
- Physical
- Terminals at positions and on vehicles are attacked with drones; so are the jammers themselves
- Management
- The biggest lever: a whitelist, geofence or speed limit hits every user at once
- Source
- Starlink specifications; FCC; KeepTrack (Oct. 2026); Defense News (May 2024); SpaceNews (May 2026); CNN (Feb. 2026); CBS News (Oct. 2026); Wikipedia — Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian war; Kyiv Independent (Sep. 2026)
- See also
- Chapter 1.8 and, for the EW side, EW Academy § 21.5
Further reading
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Reference
Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian war
Extensive timeline with sources: delivery to Ukraine, use on sea and air drones, Russian purchases, the 2026 whitelist and the speed limit.
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News
SpaceX wins $2.29 billion Space Force contract for military data network
The Starshield contract for the Space Data Network Backbone: hundreds of LEO satellites as a military data network, prototype by the end of 2027.
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News
National Reconnaissance Office launches proliferated constellation
The first launch (NROL-146) of the NRO constellation on Starshield buses, built with Northrop Grumman.
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News
Ukraine still unable to intercept Russian drones due to Starlink restrictions, Zelenskyy says
The October 2026 speed limit and the conflicting statements by Zelenskyy, Musk and Rubio.
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Data sheet
Starlink specifications
Official terminal specifications (dimensions, weight, power, field of view).
News archive 43
Analysed reports from the RU Mil Tracker about this system, newest first. Archive since 2026-07-17.
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«Старлинки Илона Маска на дронах типа "Баба Яга" ВСУ» (Dva Mayora: 'Elon Musk's Starlinks on Ukrainian "Baba Yaga"-type drones')
In a series of posts on 25 October, the Telegram channel Dva Mayora responded to Elon Musk's statement that Ukraine's military had used Starlink for offensive drone strikes and that this "loophole" was closed last week. The channel agrees with Musk that the Ukrainian front would collapse if Starlink were switched off, but calls his claim of ignorance a lie,…
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«Для фронтової логістики й проти реактивних «Шахедів»: Володимир Зеленський — про відновлення Starlink і Starshield» (ArmyInform: 'For front-line logistics and against jet-powered Shaheds: Volodymyr Zelensky on the restoration of Starlink and Starshield')
ArmyInform reports that, according to President Volodymyr Zelensky, Starlink and Starshield are again working at the speeds Ukraine's Defence Forces need for front-line logistics and for countering Russian jet-powered Shaheds. Zelensky said restoration began during the night of 23–24 October and that by the morning the military was recording speeds sufficie…
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Ukraine carries out first known aerial casualty evacuation by heavy-lift drone: Heavy Shot Ayudag-6 extracts wounded soldier after 491 days in the grey zone near Kupiansk
On 4 October 2026 Ukrainian forces evacuated a wounded infantryman from the grey zone on the Kupiansk front by heavy drone. Ukrainska Pravda and Reuters (republished by Meduza) both call it the first known operation of its kind. The soldier is Kostiantyn "Magura" Vlasenko of the 2nd Mechanised Battalion, 30th Separate Mechanised Brigade. He had held a posit…
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Starlink and Starshield speeds restored for Ukraine's military; Musk says Kyiv violated terms of service
Since 14 October, Starlink and its military version Starshield stopped working on Ukrainian drones and other unmanned systems moving faster than about 160 km/h (100 mph). This hit Ukraine's interceptor drones against jet-powered Shaheds, as well as front-line logistics; according to AP, commanders reported lost drones and disrupted missions. On 14 October,…
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Ukrainian General Staff reports strikes on Russian drone launch site, Crimean command post, depots and a Rubikon unit — despite Starlink/Starshield disruptions
According to Ukraine's General Staff, as reported by Ukrainska Pravda, Ukrainian defence forces on 22 October and the night of 22–23 October struck a Russian site for storing, preparing and launching strike UAVs near occupied Donetsk, a unit command post near Hromovo in occupied Crimea, an ammunition depot near Hirnyk and a UAV warehouse near Sverdlove (Don…
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«Удар по «Рубікону», пункту управління та складах: Сили оборони уразили низку цілей ворога» (ArmyInform: 'Strike on Rubicon, a command post and depots: Defence Forces hit a series of enemy targets')
According to the Ukrainian General Staff, relayed by ArmyInform, Ukrainian forces struck several Russian targets on 22 October and overnight into 23 October: a storage, preparation and launch site for Russian attack drones near Donetsk; a unit command post near Hromove in occupied Crimea; an ammunition depot near Hirnyk and a drone depot near Sverdlove (Don…
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Bipartisan group of 23 US House members urges Trump to ask Elon Musk to let Ukraine use Starlink to hunt Russian ballistic missile launchers inside Russia
A bipartisan group of 23 members of the US House of Representatives, seven Republicans and 16 Democrats, has written to President Donald Trump urging him to ask Elon Musk to let Ukraine use the Starlink satellite internet system to hunt for missile launchers inside Russia. The letter, sent on 21 October, was obtained by The Hill and reported by European Pra…
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«БпЛА противника на Старлинке» (Dva Mayora: 'Enemy UAV on Starlink' — says Ukrainian drones still use Starlink despite talk of a shutdown)
The milblogger channel Dva Mayora posts a one-line message stating that an enemy UAV is operating on Starlink, addressed 'to the attention of those who bought the talk about it being switched off'. The post carries attached media that could not be viewed outside the Telegram app, so what it shows could not be checked.
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«Немецкий HX-2 и американский Starshield: два подхода к управлению беспилотниками» (Topwar: 'The German HX-2 and the American Starshield: two approaches to drone control')
A Topwar analysis (by-line 'Glenn Witcher') sets the mid-October restriction on SpaceX's military Starshield package for Ukraine against the German HX-2 loitering munition, which can operate without a constant link to its operator. The article summarizes Ukrainian and Western reporting. From the night of 14 October, terminals on the military package began d…
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«В ВСУ оценили потери беспилотников после ограничения Starlink» (Topwar: 'Ukrainian forces assess drone losses after the Starlink restriction')
Topwar (Voennoye Obozreniye), citing The New York Times and the commander of a unit of Ukraine's Unmanned Systems Forces, reports that the Starlink speed restriction cost the Ukrainian army dozens to hundreds of armed drones. Besides forcing the cancellation of many combat missions and some operations, the restriction reportedly caused the loss of hundreds…
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Ukrainian 'Nemesis' drone detachment caused about 70% of a US armored brigade's early casualties at Hohenfels, brigade commander writes
Ukrainian drone operators playing the enemy in a US Army exercise caused about 70% of an American armored brigade's casualties in the first three days, according to an article in Military Review, the US Army's professional journal, reported by Defence Blog. The authors are Col. Michael Ziegelhofer, commander of the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Caval…
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«Тяжелые дроны – то, в чем нам нужно наверстывать упущенное» (Dva Mayora: 'Heavy drones — where we need to catch up')
The milblogger channel Dva Mayora (Two Majors) comments on Ukrainian footage of what it calls the first-ever battlefield casualty evacuation by a heavy hexacopter, the Gurzuf Defence from the Ukrainian company SkyFall. According to the post, Gurzuf Defence is the simpler of two evacuation models: the casualty clips himself to the drone with a safety line an…
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«Patriot в режиме ожидания» (Rybar: 'Patriot on standby' — Pentagon reportedly holding up allied Patriot transfers to Ukraine)
The milblogger channel Rybar relays a Washington Post report that the Pentagon is delaying deliveries of Patriot interceptors that allied countries pass on to Ukraine. According to the post, because these are US weapons, retransfer requires approval from US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth; he has not banned the deliveries but has not completed the approva…
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Starshield speed cap pushes Wild Hornets to rethink air-launched Sting interceptors and look at Eutelsat; Georgian Legion reports wider Starlink dropouts
Wild Hornets, the Ukrainian maker of the Sting interceptor drones used against Russian Shaheds, is reconsidering how far its future projects should rely on SpaceX's Starlink/Starshield after the speed cap imposed on Ukrainian terminals in mid-October (see e-20261016-08). Spokesman Mike Orliuk told The War Zone on 20 October that current Sting operations are…
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Ukraine turns its jet-powered Bars strike drone into a Shahed hunter
Video shared by the Ukrainian military shows an interceptor version of Ukraine's jet-powered Bars drone, launched from a ground launcher, destroying a Russian Geran-5 — the first footage of the Ukrainian missile-drone being used against Russia's own jet-powered attack drones, Defence Blog reports. The interceptor is based on the Bars strike drone, a small t…
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Russian FPV drone strikes Ukrainian Protector heavy ground drone near Orikhiv
Russian channels have released video of an FPV drone striking a Protector, one of Ukraine's largest uncrewed ground vehicles, while it was hauling logs near Orikhiv in Zaporizhzhia region, Defence Blog reports. The drone hit the cargo bed; the front of the vehicle, where the control and communications equipment sits, was covered by a mesh cage, and the stri…
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Three months of Ukrainian drone strikes on Wildberries and Ozon warehouses: targets, rationale and economic fallout, including a shift of major sellers to Ozon
Meduza reviews the campaign of Ukrainian long-range drone strikes on warehouses of Russia's two largest online marketplaces. It began on 18 July 2026 with attacks on Wildberries sites in Elektrostal (Moscow region) and Kotovsk (Tambov region); Russia's Emergency Situations Ministry reported one dead in Elektrostal and seven in Kotovsk. Koledino (Moscow regi…
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«Starlink на фронті продовжує працювати з проблемами» (ArmyInform: 'Starlink at the front continues to work with problems')
According to ArmyInform, President Volodymyr Zelensky said on 19 October that, on some sections of the front, equipment using Starlink and Starshield services still stops working once it moves faster than roughly 130–161 km/h. Zelensky was citing a report from Commander-in-Chief Mykhailo Drapatyi. The article does not explain the technical cause and does no…
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US restores ballistic-missile launch warnings to Ukraine after a week of gaps that included Russia's 16-missile strike on Kyiv on 18–19 October, Zelensky says; Rubio calls 'no-warning' claims outrageous and blames a technical issue
On 20 October President Zelensky said at a press conference broadcast by Suspilne that the United States had restored intelligence sharing with Ukraine, including advance warnings of Russian ballistic missile launches, after a call with US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, Euromaidan Press reports. In a Telegram post Zelensky called the call 'constructive' an…
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Ukraine still waiting almost a month for Hegseth's sign-off on allied-funded Patriot and NASAMS interceptors, now the last remaining US hold, as Kyiv also presses Lockheed Martin for PAC-3 MSE and F-16 repairs
On 26 October President Zelensky said Ukraine has been waiting 'almost a month' for US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth to sign off on missiles for its Patriot and NASAMS systems, and that he had instructed his team to raise the matter with Washington once again, Ukrainska Pravda and Euromaidan Press report. He spoke after a coordination meeting with the defe…
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«MRAP-НРК уже под Ореховом» (Dva Mayora: 'MRAP-type UGVs already near Orikhiv')
The Russian Telegram channel Dva Mayora says Ukrainian units near Orikhiv have begun making active use of cargo unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for logistics and moving large loads. The post accompanies a video that, according to the channel, shows Russian operators destroying a Ukrainian UGV of the 'Protector' type, described as an MRAP-style vehicle that…
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Russia follows its ballistic strike with a 580-drone wave heavy on jet-powered Gerans, hitting Kirovohrad Oblast hardest and severing a unique Dnipro power-line tower in Kyiv
From 18:00 on 14 October to 08:00 on 15 October, Russia launched two Kh-59 air-launched missiles (fired from over the Black Sea) and 580 drones of various types, including Shaheds and Gerbera decoys, according to Ukraine's Air Force. The drones were launched from Oryol, Millerovo, Shatalovo, Bryansk, Kursk and Primorsko-Akhtarsk in Russia and from occupied…
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Order to cap Starshield speeds for Ukraine came from inside the White House, officials say, as SpaceX's limit cripples Ukrainian drone and interceptor operations against Russian forces; The Telegraph reports Musk himself pushed Trump for it
Since the night of 13–14 October, the military "Starshield" service that SpaceX provides to Ukrainian forces has stopped working on fast-moving objects without prior warning, according to Ukrainian presidential adviser Serhii "Flash" Beskrestnov. Starshield is SpaceX's military business unit, with enhanced encryption and dedicated terminals running over the…
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«Сначала решили, что это русская РЭБ»: в ВСУ комментируют ограничения Starlink (Topwar: '"At first we thought it was Russian EW": Ukrainian forces comment on Starlink restrictions')
Topwar reports, citing a Ukrainian defence ministry source quoted in the Western press on 14 October, that Ukraine has asked the US, SpaceX and NATO to explain new restrictions on Starlink access. According to the article, the connection cuts out when terminals move at high speed: initially a threshold of 160 km/h was reported, while figures of 60–70 km/h w…
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«[…] условно без "Старлинка". А что стало с нашими БПЛА, когда России отключили «серый» Starlink?» (Dva Majors: 'Ukraine nominally without Starlink. What happened to our UAVs when Russia lost "grey" Starlink?')
This is the personal/editorial voice of the Russian pro-war Telegram channel Dva Majors, not a position of the Russian MoD; milbloggers can contradict each other and the MoD, and the content has not been independently verified. Prompted by the new Starlink restrictions on Ukrainian forces, the channel (which uses a derogatory term for Ukrainians) recalls th…
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«Света тоже нет» (Rybar: 'No power either')
This is the personal/editorial voice of the Russian pro-war Telegram channel Rybar, not a position of the Russian MoD; milbloggers can contradict each other and the MoD, and the content has not been independently verified. Rybar says that while Starlink is malfunctioning and Ukrainian air defence has for a third day been letting strikes through, Russian for…
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Undercover investigation: Chinese firm Xingkai invoiced 500 drone mesh modems for Russia's Alabuga drone plant
An investigation by The Insider and the Nordsint project, reported by Euromaidan Press, traced an unmarked mesh modem recovered from an upgraded Russian Gerbera drone (the variant with a vertical tail fin that appeared in summer 2026) to Shenzhen Xingkai Technology (Xingkai Tech). The Insider identified it as the XK F-359 and says Ukrainian military intelli…
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«Налёт шаров» (Rybar: Balloon raid)
Caveat: this is a post by Rybar, a Russian pro-war Telegram channel (milblogger). It is a personal/editorial voice, not a position of the Russian Ministry of Defence; milbloggers can contradict each other and the MoD, and the claims below have not been independently verified. The post uses dismissive language about the Ukrainian leadership.
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Analyst Clément Molin counts 770 confirmed Ukrainian drone strikes on Russian supply trucks in September and warns that winter will make supplying Crimea even harder
French open-source mapper Clément Molin, who follows Ukraine's counter-logistics campaign closely, counted 770 confirmed Ukrainian drone strikes on Russian trucks in September in the logistics zone behind the front line. His count includes only hits confirmed by video or photographs, so the real number is likely higher. His monthly figures are 214 in May, 5…
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«Ястреб-С» против спутниковой связи (Topwar: "Yastreb-S" against satellite communications)
Topwar (author Kirill Ryabov) describes the Yastreb ("Hawk") family of electronic warfare systems, developed by JSC NPP with backing from Russia's Foundation for Advanced Studies (FPI). The base Yastreb 1.0 was announced in late January 2026; according to TASS (26 September) it is in its final test phase and is to be handed to the army in November for troop…
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«Старлинк» – основа украинской дроновой войны (Rybar: 'Starlink is the backbone of Ukraine's drone war')
Rybar argues that Starlink satellite communications are the key link in the Ukrainian armed forces' use of unmanned systems, and that without Starlink 'the lion's share' of Ukraine's UAV effort would simply die out. The channel uses this to dismiss the claim that 'the US wants peace': if the White House really wanted peace, Rybar says, the first step would…
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«Мамонт» на трассе «Новороссия»: тяжёлые FPV ВСУ против нашей логистики (Two Majors: balloon-delivered heavy Ukrainian FPV drones with Starlink attack the R-280 'Novorossiya' highway)
This is based on two posts from the Russian pro-war Telegram channel Два майора (Two Majors), a milblogger, not an official Russian source. It represents a personal/editorial voice; milbloggers can contradict each other and the Russian Ministry of Defence, and the claims below have not been independently verified.
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EU sanctioned Russia's Starlink rival Rassvet but not its manufacturer Bureau 1440; Ukraine now urges the US to sanction the companies behind it before it becomes operational
According to Euromaidan Press, the EU's 21st sanctions package (23 July 2026) targeted Rassvet, Russia's low-Earth-orbit satellite constellation built as a replacement for SpaceX Starlink access after it was cut off, but did not list Bureau 1440, the private company assembling the satellites, or its CEO. Bureau 1440 is already on Ukraine's sanctions list bu…
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Russia's 26–27 September drone strikes hit Kyivstar's head office, Kyiv data centres and foreign-owned warehouses as the campaign against Ukraine's communications and logistics continues
According to Ukraine's Air Force, Russia launched 170 strike UAVs overnight on 26–27 September, starting at 18:00 on 26 September: Shahed-type drones (76 of them jet-powered), Gerbera drones and Parodiya-type decoys, from the areas of Oryol, Kursk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk and Shatalovo, occupied Donetsk and occupied Crimea. By 07:30, 147 had been shot down or ja…
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Russia's weeks-long strike campaign against Ukrainian data centres and telecom sites continues: Kyiv's Cosmonova hit twice, Kyivstar and Vodafone Ukraine facilities targeted, and an Odesa data centre struck on 4 October, MoD says
Russian drone strikes and falling debris hit at least three Kyiv districts (Shevchenkivskyi, Solomianskyi, Sviatoshynskyi) on 26 September, damaging an office building, preschool grounds and other non-residential buildings; Mayor Vitali Klitschko reported seven injured. Russia's Defence Ministry (via TASS) and the Dva Mayora channel claimed one hit struck t…
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Russian drones crash and explode in Moldova and Romania through 1 October, including a Geran-4 jet drone blast beside a highway in Orhei district and a strike on a telecom mast; ISW links incursions, Polish Starlink sabotage and Berlin airport halt to one pattern
During a Russian attack on Ukraine overnight into 24 September 2026 (Ukraine's Air Force reported 282 drones plus ballistic and other missiles), drones strayed into Moldova and Romania. Moldova's Defence Ministry reported four drone incursions and partially closed its northern airspace. Near Cernița (Florești district) a drone hit a tree, fell into a field…
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Russia adapts to Ukraine's middle-strike drone campaign with mobile fire groups, Rubicon interceptors and Starlink jammers
According to a Kyiv Independent field report from the southern front, Russian forces have adapted to Ukraine's expanded "middle strike" campaign. That campaign uses drones against targets from roughly 35 km (the end of FPV range) out to about 300 km behind the line. Within weeks of the campaign being scaled up in the south, Russia changed logistics routes a…
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Ukraine reveals RAM-2X loitering munition, credited with 450+ strikes — most against Russian air defenses
Ukraine has publicly revealed the RAM-2X, an X-winged loitering munition made by Ukrspecsystems that had until now been kept largely out of public view. The drone was unveiled at the MSPO defense expo in Poland in September 2026 after being treated as classified. Ukrspecsystems credits the broader RAM family with more than 450 target engagements, over 400 o…
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Defense Express: Germany only now seeks anti-satellite / GNSS-jamming capability, years into Russia's Kaliningrad spoofing
Defense Express reports that the Bundeswehr has tasked the German Space Agency with conducting market research for electronic warfare systems able to suppress satellite navigation and communications signals. The stated requirements cover jamming satellites in low, medium and geostationary orbits, coverage for a brigade-sized area of operations, and, as one…
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Defense Express analyses photos of two Russian Pantsir-S1 systems destroyed by Ukrainian drone strikes
SINGLE SOURCE — Ukrainian publication. Defense Express published close-up photographs of two Russian Pantsir-S1 air-defence systems knocked out by Ukrainian drone strikes in late August 2026, arguing that both should count as destroyed rather than merely damaged. The first was hit on 29 August near occupied Kerch in Crimea (probably covering the Crimean Bri…
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Rybar: 'many jet drones, little counter to them' — Russian milblogger frames the strike-August Geran campaign as beating Ukrainian air defence
MILBLOGGER — a personal/editorial Telegram voice (Rybar), not an official Russian Ministry of Defence position; milbloggers routinely contradict one another and the ministry. On 1 September 2026 Rybar published a post titled «Many jet ones, but little counter to them». Rybar argues that Russia's «strike August» against Kyiv forced Western media to debate Ru…
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О способности БПЛА «отменить» надводные корабли
An opinion piece on the Russian military portal Topwar (by Andrey Kolobov) argues that unmanned systems — both aerial UAVs and uncrewed surface vessels (USVs) — will not make the crewed surface fleet obsolete. English gloss of the title: 'On the ability of UAVs to "cancel" surface ships.' The author concedes that Ukrainian USVs scored notable successes agai…
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Ukraine's General Staff claims deep strikes on a MiG-29 in Rostov Oblast plus a 'Kasta' radar and EW systems in Crimea and Donbas
In two consecutive daily strike reports (covering 24–25 and 25–26 August 2026), Ukraine's General Staff claims a series of deep strikes against Russian military targets on occupied territory and inside Russia. The headline claim is a hit on a MiG-29 fighter at Millerovo airfield in Russia's Rostov Oblast, which the General Staff says was confirmed on 24 Aug…